Sialendoscopy for treatment of major salivary glands diseases: a comprehensive analysis of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Abstract Objectives: Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to diagnose and treat obstructive salivary gland diseases. Previous studies in the topic have shown mixed results. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy through previous systematic reviews for different outcomes of several diseases. We also aimed to assess studies' methodological quality and heterogeneity. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive systematic literature search of Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs and Cochrane Library. We included systematic reviews and meta-analyses that used sialendoscopy to treat both lithiasic and alithiasic salivary glands diseases. Data extraction included studies' characteristics and results. We assessed studies' methodological quality using the AMSTAR-2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews 2) tool. Results: 13 studies were included in the review, being 9 in adult populations and 4 in pediatric populations. Sialendoscopy proved to be effective at the treatment of different lithiasic and other obstructive diseases, but with important heterogeneity. The technique was also considered highly safe in most studies. However, studies had a critically low quality of evidence. Conclusions: Most studies demonstrated high efficacy and safety of sialendoscopy, but with critically low quality of evidence. We still lack randomized studies in this field, and future systematic reviews on the topic should follow current guidelines to improve conduction and reporting.

Escisión de Glándula Submandibular por Sialoadenitis Crónica Esclerosante Asociada a Sialolito en el Conducto Submandibular / Submandibular Gland Excision Due to Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis Associated With Sialolith in Submandibular Duct

La sialoadenitis crónica esclerosante puede extenderse desde una sialoadenitis focal hasta una cirrosis completa de la glándula. Aparece entre los 40 y 70 años de edad y afecta principalmente a la glándula submandibular. Se asocia con sialolitos y agentes infecciosos inespecíficos. La causa más frecuente de sialolitiasis es la formación de cálculos macroscópicamente visibles en una glándula salival o en su conducto excretor, de los cuales el 80 % al 90 % provienen de la glándula submandibular. Esta predilección probablemente se deba a que su conducto excretor es más largo, más ancho y tiene un ángulo casi vertical contra la gravedad, contribuyendo así a la estasis salival. Además, la secreción semimucosa de la misma es más viscosa. El sitio principal de ubicación de los litos en el conducto submandibular es la región hiliar con un 57 %. La sintomatología típica de la sialolitiasis es el cólico con tumefacción de la glándula y los dolores posprandiales. Reportamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 55 años, quien ingresa al servicio de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial del Hospital General Balbuena de la Ciudad de México por presentar un aumento de volumen en la región submandibular izquierda de consistencia dura y dolorosa a la palpación de 15 días de evolución, acompañada de aumento de temperatura en la zona compatible con un absceso. Los estudios de imagen reportan un sialolito en la región hiliar del conducto submandibular de 2,0 x 1,7 x 1,0 cm. Debido a su localización y tamaño, el tratamiento ideal en estos casos es la escisión de la glándula junto con el lito previo drenaje del absceso e inicio de terapia antibiótica doble.

Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis can range from focal sialadenitis to complete cirrhosis of the gland. It appears between 40 and 70 years of age and mainly affects the submandibular gland. It is associated with sialoliths and nonspecific infectious agents. The most common cause of sialolithiasis is the formation of macroscopically visible stones in a salivary gland or its excretory duct, of which 80 % to 90 % come from the submandibular gland. This predilection isprobably due to the fact that their excretory duct is longer, wider and has an almost vertical angle against gravity, thus contributing to salivary stasis. In addition, the semimucous secretion of it is more viscous. The main location of the stones in the submandibular duct is the hilar region with 57 %. The typical symptomatology of sialolithiasis is colic with swelling of the gland and postprandial pain. We report the case of a 55-year-old male patient, who was admitted to the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the Hospital General Balbuena in Mexico City due to an increase in volumen in the left submandibular region that was hard and painful on palpation of 15 days of evolution, accompanied by increased temperature in the area compatible with an abscess. Imaging studies report a 2.0 x 1.7 x 1.0 cm sialolith in the submandibular duct hilar region. Due to its location and size, the ideal treatment in these cases is excision of the gland together with the stone previous drainage of the abscess and initiation of dual antibiotic therapy.

Sialolitiasis, sialoadenitis y sialoadenosis. Revisión de literatura y reporte de un caso clínico / Sialolithiasis, sialadenitis and sialadenosis. Review of literature and report of a clinical case

Introducción: la formación de sialolitos se considera la alteración más común en las glándulas salivales. Su origen aún no es claro en cuanto a qué provoca la obstrucción parcial o total del sistema de conductos salivales, con una predilección significativa en las glán - dulas submandibulares, lo que permite un desplazamiento retrógrado de bacterias a través del conducto salival hacia la glándula afectada, el cual se traducirá clínicamente como inflamación unilateral o bila - teral. El tratamiento para la sialolitiasis y sialoadenitis puede variar desde un manejo conservador hasta tratamientos que implican la remoción de la glándula salival afectada. La sialoadenosis difiere de las anteriores en su origen, ya que ésta no se considera inflamatoria ni neoplásica y no afecta la función glandular de excretar saliva. Presentación de caso clínico: se trata de paciente masculino con diagnósticos presuntivos de sialoadenitis y sialolitiasis, al cual se le realizó biopsia escisional de la glándula afectada, su estudio histo- patológico corroboró los diagnósticos mencionados anteriormente que además confirmó un diagnóstico de sialoadenosis. Conclusio- nes: la escisión de la glándula salival involucrada se realizará en casos diagnosticados de sialoadenitis y sialolitiasis con sialolitos de gran tamaño y procesos supurativos crónicos que no resuelven con antibioticoterapia (AU)

Sialoendoscopia y abordaje mixto para el manejo dela patología obstructiva de las glándulas salivales / Sialoendoscopy and mixed approach for the management of obstructive pathology of the salivary glands

Introducción. La sialoendoscopia es un procedimiento cuya finalidad es visualizar los conductos salivales. Se utiliza como método diagnóstico y terapéutico de procesos inflamatorios, estenosis de los conductos y procesos obstructivos. Métodos. Describir los procedimientos realizados para el tratamiento de pacientes con patología inflamatoria y obstructiva de las glándulas salivales, de forma única con sialoendoscopia o con abordajes mixtos. Resultados. Un total de 24 pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio, con edad promedio de 42 años, en su mayoría mujeres y compromiso submaxilar en 58,3 % y de parótida en 41,7 %. Respecto a la intervención, al 29,2 % de los sujetos se le realizó extracción de cálculos, al 29,2 % sialoplastia, al 25 % dilatación de conductos y al 37,5 % lavado de conductos en el mismo momento quirúrgico. Conclusión. La sialoendoscopia y el abordaje mixto es un procedimiento que puede garantizar el manejo de patologías obstructivas y estenosis de los conductos salivales, con buen pronóstico y resultados, preservando la glándula y evitando las complicaciones de la cirugía.

Introduction. Sialoendoscopy is a procedure which purpose is to visualise the salivary ducts. It is used as a diagnostic and therapeutic method for inflammatory and obstructive processes and duct stenosis. Methods. To describe the procedures performed for the management of patients with inflammatory and obstructive pathology of the salivary glands, only with sialoendoscopy or with mixed approaches. Results. A total of 24 patients were included in the study, with mean age of 42 years, mostly female, and 58.3% submaxillary involvement 41.7% parotid involvement. Regarding the intervention, 29.2% of the subjects underwent stone extraction, 29.2%, sialoplasty, 25% duct dilatation, and 37.5% duct lavage at the same surgical time. Conclusions. Sialoendoscopy and the mixed approach is a procedure that can guarantee the management of obstructive pathologies and stenosis of the salivary ducts with good prognosis and results, preserving the gland and avoiding the complications of surgery.

Sialoadenitis esclerosante asociada a enfermedad por IgG4: reporte de un caso / Sclerosing sialadenitis associated with IgG4 disease: case report

Las enfermedades relacionadas con IgG4 (ER-IgG4) son entidades fibroinflamatorias e inmunomediadas, caracterizadas por la afección multiorgánica, con la formación de pseudotumores que provocan lesión tisular y daño orgánico subsecuente. Se describe el caso de un paciente de 43 años que presentó sialoadenitis esclerosante y cumplió todos los criterios diagnósticos de enfermedad relacionada con IgG4.

IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RD) are fibroinflammatory immune-mediated entities characterized by multiorgan involvement with the development of pseudotumors that cause tissue injury and subsequent organ damage. We describe the case of a 43-year-old man who presented sclerosing sialadenitis and fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease.

Studies on newly recognized chronic sialadenitis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

Some kinds of chronic sialadenitis were recognized during the recent years. They have specific pathogenesis, clinical and histopathologic appearances, and require specific treatment. IgG4-related sialadenitis (IgG4-RS) is one of the immune-mediated diseases, characterized by tumefactive lesions. The incidence of IgG4-RS obviously increased during the past 30 years. The study on the potential relationship between occupational exposure to chemical substances and the incidence of IgG4-RS showed that subjects with occupational exposure to agents known to cause IgG4-RD had an increased risk for IgG4-RS. Surgical excision of involved SMG could not control the disease progression, which is not recommended for treatment of IgG4-RS. The combination of glucocorticoid and steroid-sparing agents is effective for treating IgG4-RS, and restores salivary gland function. Radioiodine induced sialadenitis (RAIS) is one of the common complications of postoperative adjuvant treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer by 131I. The incidence of the disease is related to radiation dosage. Clinically, the patients suffered from swelling and tenderness in the buccal or submandibular regions, especially during the mealtime. Imaging appearances are similar to those of chronic obstructive sialadenitis. Conservative managements, such as gland massage, sialagogues, are the mainstream methods in the treatment of RAIS. Sialendoscopy is feasible for RAIS, but not as effective as conventional obstructive sialadenitis (COS). Therefore the prevention of RAIS is crucial. Eosinophilic sialodochitis (ES) is a new type of chronic inflammatory disease of the salivary gland related to allergy. It has characteristics of swelling of multiple major salivary glands, strip-like gelatinous plugs discharged from the duct orifice of the gland, elevated level of serum IgE and eosinophils in peripheral blood, infiltration of eosinophils and IgE positive plasma cells in the tissues, allergic history, increased expression of allergy-related cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eotaxin, which suggest allergic reactions as a potential pathogenesis of the disease. The clinical, laboratory, histological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of ES are significantly different from conventional obstructive sialadenitis (COS). Therefore, it is suitable to separate ES from COS. Conservative managements, such as self-maintenance therapy and anti- allergic modality are the choices of treatment for ES. Based on the results of our comprehensive studies a new classification of chronic sialadenitis is suggested.

Suppurative minor salivary gland sialolithiasis

ABSTRACT Sialolithiasis is a common nonneoplastic disease of the major salivary glands that often affects the submandibular glands. Minor salivary gland involvement by sialolithiasis is uncommon, with only 273 cases reported. A long clinical history, acute symptoms, and mucopurulent discharge are unusual features of these cases. Herein, we report the case of a 63-year-old woman who complained of symptomatic nodular swelling of the buccal mucosa associated with purulent discharge for several days. The clinical history lasted 15 years, with episodes of asymptomatic non-suppurative swelling in the same area. The patient underwent surgical excision. The microscopic examination revealed chronic nonspecific sialadenitis associated with psammomatous calcifications, confirming minor salivary gland sialolithiasis. After 3 years of follow-up, the patient was free of symptoms. Patients with sialolithiasis are usually asymptomatic; however, swelling, pain, and fistula may be present in rare cases. The presence of purulent exudate should lead to the differential diagnosis of stomatitis glandularis, a rare inflammatory condition affecting the minor salivary glands. Sialolithiasis and stomatitis glandularis should be considered in the clinical differential diagnosis of symptomatic suppurative nodular swelling affecting the oral mucosa, and histopathological analysis is necessary for the diagnosis.

Concordancia diagnóstica del sistema de graduación Chisholm Mason y Focus Score en la sialoadenitis linfocítica focal como aproximación al síndrome de Sjögren / Diagnostic agreement of the Chisholm Mason and Focus Score grading system in focal lymphocytic sialadenitis in patients with dry symptoms

RESUMEN Introducción: Existen diferentes sistemas de graduación para interpretar la biopsia de glándula salival menor (BGSM) en pacientes con síntomas secos. En la actualidad la metodología recomendada (Focus Score [FS]), aunque no se emplea de forma rutinaria, conlleva discrepancias diagnósticas. Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia de la lectura histopatológica de BGSM entre las técnicas FS y Chisholm Mason (CM) para el diagnóstico de sialoadenitis linfocítica focal en el hospital de San José, entre enero de 2017 y junio de 2018. Métodos: Estudio de concordancia. Se incluyeron BGSM de pacientes con síntomas secos. Se excluyó material no apto para el estudio, o con menos de 4 lóbulos o menos de 8 mm de área. Se clasificaron utilizando las técnicas FS y CM por 2 evaluadores independientes. Se evaluó el acuerdo interobservador, intraobsevador y global entre las pruebas mediante el coeficiente de Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: Se evaluaron 130 biopsias. Los valores K intraobservador entre FS y CM fueron 0,42 para el observador 1 y 0,23 para el observador 2. Los valores K del acuerdo interobservador fueron 0,47 para FS y 0,65 para CM. La concordancia entre los 2 sistemas de puntuación fue K de 0,13. Conclusiones: Se evidencia una probable sobreestimación de focos con CM, que resalta sus debilidades, y mayor precisión con FS. Por ende, la concordancia entre las 2 pruebas es débil. Es necesario un mayor esfuerzo para el uso del método estandarizado de lectura de BGSM con el FS para una correcta interpretación y beneficio en la clasificación de pacientes con síndrome seco.

ABSTRACT Introduction: There are different grading systems for interpreting the minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) in patients with dry symptoms (Sicca). The recommended methodology is currently the Focus Score (FS), which, although not performed routinely, results in diagnostic discrepancies. Objective: To determine the concordance of the histopathological reading of MSGB between the FS and Chisholm Mason (CM) techniques for diagnosis of focal lymphocytic sialadenitis at the San José Hospital between January 2017 and June 2018. Methods: Concordance study. MSGB of patients with sicca symptoms were included. Material not suitable for study and / or with less than 4 lobules and / or less than 8 mm of surface area was excluded. They were classified, using the FS and CM techniques, by two independent evaluators. The inter-observer, intra-observer, and overall agreement between the tests were evaluated using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. Results: A total of 130 biopsies were evaluated. The intra-observer K values between FS and CM were 0.42 for observer 1, and 0.23 for observer 2. The K values of the inter-observer agreement were 0.47 for FS, and 0.65 for CM. The concordance between the two scoring systems was K = 0.13. Conclusions: There is evidence of a probable over-estimation of foci with CM, highlighting its weaknesses and greater precision with FS technique, resulting in the weak concordance between the two tests. A greater effort is necessary for the use of the standardised MSGB FS reading method for a correct interpretation and benefit in the classification of patients with dry syndrome.

Sialoadenitis aguda secundaria al medio de contraste yodado

Resumen La sialoadenitis es una inflamación o infección de las glándulas salivares que puede afectar a las glándulas parótidas, submandibulares y/o a las glándulas salivares menores. La sialoadenitis aguda tras la inyección de contraste yodado es una reacción adversa tardía rara, se caracteriza por un aumento de tamaño de las glándulas salivares, más frecuentemente las submandibulares. El número de estudios de tomografía computarizada ha aumentado exponencialmente en los últimos años por lo que es de esperar que cada vez se den más casos de esta entidad. El 98% del yodo inyectado por vía intravenosa es eliminado por los riñones y el 2% por otros órganos como glándulas salivales, lacrimales y sudoríparas. En los pacientes con insuficiencia renal el retraso de la eliminación renal conlleva un mayor acúmulo de yodo en la saliva que produce, a su vez, mayor inflamación de la mucosa de los conductos glandulares. Por ello, la insuficiencia renal se considera un factor de riesgo para sialoadenitis por yodo y se ha de sospechar especialmente en estos pacientes si presentan clínica sugestiva. Presentamos el caso de un paciente que tras la realización de una tomografía computarizada con contraste yodado desarrolló una sialoadenitis aguda como reacción adversa al mismo.

Abstract Sialadenitis is an inflammation or infection of the salivary glands that may affect the pa- rotid, submandibular and/or small salivary glands. Acute sialadenitis after injection of io- dinated contrast is a rare late adverse reaction. It is characterized by an enlargement of the salivary glands, most frequently the submandibular ones. The number of studies of compu- ted tomography has increased exponentially in recent years, so it is expected that there will be more and more cases of this entity. About 98% of the iodine contrast injected intrave- nously is eliminated by the kidneys and 2% by other organs such as salivary, lacrimal and sweat glands. In patients with renal failure, delayed renal elimination leads to a greater accumulation of iodine in saliva, which produces greater inflammation of the mucosa of the glandular ducts. Therefore, kidney failure is considered a risk factor for iodine sialadenitis and it should be especially suspected in these patients if they present suggestive symptoms. We present a case of a patient who after performing a computed tomography study with intravenous iodinated contrast, developed acute sialadenitis as an adverse reaction to this contrast.

Sialolithiasis of minor salivary gland in labial mucosa: a clinical finding / Sialolitíase de glândula salivar menor na mucosa labial: um achado clínico

Introduction: sialolithiasis is the most common form of obstructive sialadenitis caused by a mixture of different calcium phosphates and an organic matrix. It is one of the most common salivary gland diseases, often attributed to the submandibular gland, with no relation to age or gender. However, it is rarely reported in the minor salivary glands. Objective: the present study aims to report auncommon clinical finding case of a sialolithiasisof minor salivary gland in labial mucosa. Case report: a 43-year-old female patient presented with a single, yellow and asymptomatic nodule in the labial mucosa at clinical examination. The clinical hypotheses were lipoma and fibrous hyperplasia. The lesion was biopsied, and the histopathological analysis showed a mineralized tissue. The final diagnosis was sialolithiasis and the patient remained under follow-up (8 months) without relapse. Conclusion: this case shows that sialolithiasis should be included in the diagnostic hypotheses when occur in a minor salivary glands area and emphasizes the importance of a complete clinical examination since it was not complaint of the patient.(AU)

Introdução: a sialolitíase é a forma mais comum de sialadenite obstrutiva causada por um composto de diferentes produtos, como fosfato de cálcio e matriz orgânica. É uma das doenças mais comuns das glândulas salivares, geralmente atribuídas à glândula submandibular, sem relação com idade ou sexo. No entanto, raramente é relatada nas glândulas salivares menores. Objetivo: reportar um achado clínico incomum de sialolitíase em glândula oral menor na mucosa labial. Relato de caso: uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 43 anos, apresentou nódulo único, amarelo e assintomático na mucosa labial durante o exame clínico. As hipóteses clínicas foram lipoma e hiperplasia fibrosa. A lesão foi encaminhada para biópsia e a análise histopatológica mostrou um tecido mineralizado. O diagnóstico final foi de sialolitíase e o paciente permaneceu em acompanhamento por 8 meses sem recidiva. Conclusão: este caso mostra que a sialolitíase deve ser incluída nas hipóteses diagnósticas de lesões em áreas de glândulas salivares menores e enfatiza a importância de um exame clínico completo, pois não se tratava da queixa principal da paciente.(AU)

Kuttner’s tumour: chronic sclerosing sialadenitis- a mimicker of malignancy

Background: Kuttner’s tumour is a condition of the submandibular gland which is underreported as a distinct entity. Also called as the chronic sclerosing sialadenitis it resembles a plasmocytic and lymphocytic inflammatory process and presents as a hard and painful mass which clinically mimics a malignancy and raises significant concerns. The objective of the present study was to evaluate cases of Kuttner’s tumor and discuss its clinical and pathological aspects to distinguish it from a definite malignancy and create a grown acceptance of the presence of such an entity in our setting.Methods: We collected 170 cases of submandibular swellings and evaluated in detail the clinical and pathological aspects of eight cases out of them which were later diagnosed to as Kuttner’s tumour.Results: The age of the patients varied between 23 to 61 years (mean age 42.5 years) with 3 males and 5 females. 6 patients reported with a firm to hard painless submandibular mass (5 left sided; 3 right sided) while 2 patients experienced intermittent discomfort. The mean duration of presentation of symptoms was 5.3 months. Fine needle aspiration cytology was done in 6 cases preoperatively. Following submandibular sialadenectomy histopathology showed salivary gland tissue with preserved lobular architecture, but with marked fibrosis, acinar atrophy, and a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates.Conclusions: Kuttner’s tumor may be pre operatively distinguished from a malignancy with improved imaging and a good image guided FNA Cytology saving the clinician and the patient from a lot of dilemma. However, histopathology and immunohistochemistry would be the key in establishing the diagnosis.

Inflammation grading and sialoendoscopic treatment of 131I radioiodine-induced sialadenitis / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the inflammation grading of 131I radioiodine-induced sialadenitis based upon sialoendoscopic and sialographic appearances, and to evaluate the results of sialoendoscopic intervention.@*METHODS@#The patients diagnosed with 131I radioiodine-induced sialadenitis and underwent sialoendoscopic exploration and intervention procedures in Peking University Hospital of Stomatology from Nov. 2012 to Oct. 2018 were included in this study. The appearances of sialogaphy and sialoendoscopy were analyzed and classified. The treatment options included irrigation with saline and dexamethasone and mechanical dilatation by sialoendoscope. The patients were followed up after treatment.@*RESULTS@#Forty-two patients with 131I radioiodine-induced sialadenitis were included. There were 5 males and 37 females, with a male-to-female ratio of 1 ∶7.4. Symptoms included recurrent swelling and pain in the parotid glands, and dry mouth. Sialography showed stenosis in the main duct,and in some cases nonvisua-lization of the branches. Sialoendoscopy showed narrowing of the main duct, and the branch duct atresia was seen. The appearances of sialogaphy and sialoendoscopy were analyzed and classified into 3 groups: (1) Mild inflammation: stenosis and ectasia occurred in the main duct, whereas the 0.9 mm sialoendoscope could pass through easily. (2) Moderate inflammation: one point of severe stricture could be seen in the main duct where 0.9 mm sialoendoscope could not be passed through. (3) Severe inflammation: two points or more of severe strictures or diffused strictures occurred in the main duct. Thirty-three patients with 65 affected glands were examined by both sialography and sialoendoscopy. Eight glands were classified as mild inflammation, 23 glands moderate inflammation, and 34 glands severe inflammation. The duration of follow-up ranged from 3-72 months. The clinical results were evaluated as good in 22 glands, fair in 22 glands, and poor in 19 glands, with an overall effective rate of 69.8% (44/63).@*CONCLUSION@#The clinical, sialographic and sialoendoscopic appearances of 131I radioiodine-induced sialadenitis showed their characteristics. We proposed an inflammation grading standard for the 131I radioiodine-induced sialadenitis based on the appearances of sialography and sialoendoscopy. Sialoendoscopy can significantly alleviate the clinical symptoms, which is an effective therapy, and better for early lesions.

Ultrasonography Echotexture as a surrogate for Sialadenitis secondary to 131I Radioiodine Therapy for differentiated Thyroid Cancer: a review and metaanalysis

To systematically review and analyze the medical literature to assess ultrasonography echotexture changes in thyroid cancer patients for the detection of chronic sialadenitis caused by radioiodine therapy. Methods: Sources were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE and LILACS through November 2018. All studies that assessed ultrasonographic features before 131I administration and at 12 months after 131I administration were selected. After data extraction, statistical analysis was performed by using Stata software. Results: From a total of 435 studies, 4 studies involving 665 patients were considered eligible, and echotexture heterogeneity was found with a significant difference. Conclusions: Ultrasound echotexture may detect chronic sialadenitis secondary to salivary radioiodine therapy.

Histopathological spectrum of salivary gland lesions in Ajmer region, Rajasthan, India

Background: There is a wide spectrum of salivary gland lesions with morphological and clinical diversity which makes it a difficult task for histopathological interpretation. Tumours of salivary glands are uncommon accounting for 3-10% of the total tumors of head and neck region and less than one percent of all tumours. The aim of this study was to recognize various histomorphological patterns of salivary gland lesions, their frequency, age, gender and site wise distribution.Methods: This study was carried out from June 2015 to May 2018 in the department of Pathology, JLN Medical College and associated Group of Hospitals, Ajmer. Total 121 cases of salivary gland lesions were included. Specimens were processed and stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin stain followed by histopathological examination.Results: Out of total 121 cases, 43.8% were non-neoplastic and 56.2% were neoplastic. In non-neoplastic lesions predominant was chronic sialadenitis (50.9%) followed by mucocele (28.3%) which commonly seen in submandibular gland (47.17%). Among neoplastic cases, 79.4% were benign and 20.6% were malignant lesions. Neoplastic lesions commonly were seen in parotid (75%). Pleomorphic adenoma was the commonest benign tumour (81.4%). Mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most common malignant salivary tumour. Benign tumours were common in third and fourth decades, whereas malignant tumours were more common in fifth and sixth decades. Male predominance was seen in overall salivary gland lesions.Conclusions: Histopathological examination is mandatory in the diagnosis of salivary gland lesions because of their wide spectrum of histomorphology.

Salivary Gland Pathologies As Detected On Ultrasound Evaluation Of Neck In A Tertiary Care Hospital In Srinagar Garhwal

VA and DS conceived the idea. VA collected the data and analyzed the data. VA wrote the manuscript draft. VA and DS both finalized and approved the draft. Authors declare that the manuscript has been read and approved and that the requirement for authorship is met and that the authors believe that the manuscript represents honest work and that the information given is not provided to any other publisher in any form.

Surgical Treatment of Chronic Parotitis

Abstract Introduction chronic parotitis (CP) is a hindering, recurring inflammatory ailment that eventually leads to the destruction of the parotid gland. When conservative measures and sialendoscopy fail, parotidectomy can be indicated. Objective to evaluate the efficacy and safety of parotidectomy as a treatment for CP unresponsive to conservative therapy, and to compare superficial and near-total parotidectomy (SP and NTP). Methods retrospective consecutive case series of patients who underwent parotidectomy for CP between January 1999 and May 2012. The primary outcome variables were recurrence, patient contentment, transient and permanent facial nerve palsy and Frey syndrome. The categorical variables were analyzed using the two-sided Fisher exact test. Alongside, an elaborate review of the current literature was conducted. Results a total of 46 parotidectomies were performed on 37 patients with CP. Neartotal parotidectomy was performed in 41 and SP in 5 cases. Eighty-four percent of patients was available for the telephone questionnaire (31 patients, 40 parotidectomies) with a mean follow-up period of 6,2 years. Treatment was successful in 40/46 parotidectomies (87%) and 95% of the patients were content with the result. The incidence of permanent and transient facial nerve palsy was 0 (0%) and 12 (26.1%), respectively. Frey syndrome manifested in 20 (43.5%) patients. Neither this study nor careful review of the current literature resulted in evident difference between SP and NTP regarding the primary outcome variables. Conclusion parotidectomy is a safe and effective treatment for CP in case conservative therapy fails. There is no evidence of a distinct difference between SP and NTP regarding efficiency, facial nerve palsy or Frey syndrome. (AU)

Primary Necrobiotic Xanthogranulomatous Sialadenitis with Submandibular Gland Localization without Skin Involvement

Necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous reaction is a multiorgan, non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis with an unknown etiology. Occurrence in the salivary gland is extremely rare. We recently identified a case of necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous sialadenitis in a 73-year-old Korean woman who presented with a painless palpable lesion in the chin. There was no accompanying cutaneous lesion. Partial resection and subsequent wide excision with neck dissection were performed. Pathological examination showed a severe inflammatory lesion that included foamy macrophages centrally admixed with neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and scattered giant cells, as well as necrobiosis. During the 12-month postoperative period, no grossly remarkable change in size was noted. Necrobiotic xanthogranulomatous inflammation may be preceded by or combined with hematologic malignancy. Although rare, clinicians and radiologists should be aware that an adhesive necrobiotic xanthogranuloma in the salivary gland may present with a mass-like lesion. Further evaluation for hematologic disease and close follow-up are needed when a pathologic diagnosis is made.

Quantitative Analysis of Parotid Gland Secretion Function in Sjögren's Syndrome Patients with Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Sialography

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the secretory function of parotid glands by dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) sialography and determine the clinical performance of this technique in diagnosing and evaluating Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study enrolled 29 healthy volunteers (25 women and 4 men; mean age, 34.8 ± 6.3 years; age range, 26–47 years) and 25 primary SS (pSS) patients (23 women and 2 men; mean age, 37.7 ± 7.9 years; age range, 25–50 years) with decreased secretory function. The volume of the parotid gland ducts was precisely measured for both groups at single pre- and 6 post-gustatory-stimulated phases. Time-dependent volume change ratio curves were generated, four parameters were derived from the curves: the slope of the increase in the first post-stimulation phase (slope(1st)), the peak value, the time-to-peak, the total saliva secretion post-stimulation. All values were used to quantitatively evaluate the secretory function of the parotid gland. The repeated measurement analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic curve were applied. RESULTS: Time-dependent volume change ratio curves demonstrated that there is a statistically significant difference between the two groups (F = 8.750; p = 0.005). A quickly increasing curve was shown in the volunteer group, whereas a slowly increasing curve was shown in the pSS patient group. The slope(1st), peak value and total saliva secretion post-stimulation of the patient group were significantly lower than those of the volunteer group (p = 0.005, p = 0.003, and p = 0.002, respectively). The time-to-peak between the two groups was not significantly different (p = 0.383). The slope(1st) can be used as a discriminator to diagnose SS patients (p = 0.015; odds ratio = 4.234; area under the curve = 0.726). CONCLUSION: Dynamic MR sialography is proven to be an effective method in evaluating salivary gland function and has a great potential in diagnosing and evaluating pSS patients.

The clinical analysis of 12 patients with immunoglobulin G4 related sialoadenitis and literature review / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective@#To explore the clinical characteristics of Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) related sialoadenitis, to analyze the difference between the IgG4 related sialoadenitis and Sjögren′ syndrome (SS) and to summarize the treatment method and prognosis of the disease, so as to help clinical diagnosis and appro-priate treatment.@*Methods@#According to inclusion criteria and exclusione criteria, we collected 12 cases of IgG4 related sialoadenitis patients and 78 cases of SS patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 2015-2017. The clinical manifestations, laboratory test, pathological examinations, imaging examinations and the effects of treatment of IgG4 related sialoadenitis were retrospectively anal-yzed. Several aspects of the examination were compared with SS. The count data was analyzed by chi-square test or Fisher exact probality using Statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) 19.0 software.@*Results@#Character-istics of IgG4 related sialoadenitis was that one or more pairs of salivary glands and lacimal glands were enlar-ged with increasing serum IgG4 levels and IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration. Compared with SS, sialoadenitis enl-argement (12/12 vs 18/78, χ2=24.339, P<0.01), dry eyes and mouth (9/12 vs 78/78, P<0.01), serum IgG4 (12/12 vs 0/78, χ2=81.554, P<0.01), antinuclear antibodies (1/11 vs 78/78, χ2=71.030, P<0.01), anti-SSA antibody (0/9 vs 68/78,χ2=31.001, P<0.01), anti-SSB antibody (0/9 vs 36/78, χ2=5.311, P=0.021), anti-Ro-52 antibody (0/9 vs 70/78, χ2=35.824, P<0.01), infiltration of IgG4 positive plasma cell (12/12 vs 0/78, χ2=81.554, P<0.01), therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoid (6/6 vs 0/34, P<0.01) was statistically significant.@*Conclusion@#IgG4 related sialoadenitis has remarkable characteristics in clinical manifestations, serology, pathology and imaging examinations. Although IgG4 related sialoadenitis and SS have many similarities, we still need to diagnose the disease as early as possible and set up a reasonable treatment plan for patients.

The clinical analysis of 12 patients with immunoglobulin G4 related sialoadenitis and literature review / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) related sialoadenitis,to analyze the difference between the IgG4 related sialoadenitis and Sj(o)gren'syndrome (SS) and to summarize the treatment method and prognosis of the disease,so as to help clinical diagnosis and appropriate treatment.Methods According to inclusion criteria and exclusione criteria,we collected 12 cases of IgG4 related sialoadenitis patients and 78 cases of SS patients from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from 2015-2017.The clinical manifestations,laboratory test,pathological examinations,imaging examinations and the effects of treatment of IgG4 related sialoadenitis were retrospectively anal-yzed.Several aspects of the examination were compared with SS.The count data was analyzed by chi-square test or Fisher exact probality using Statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) 19.0 software.Results Characteristics of IgG4 related sialoadenitis was that one or more pairs of salivary glands and lacimal glands were enlarged with increasing serum IgG4 levels and IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration.Compared with SS,sialoadenitis enlargement (12/12 vs 18/78,x2=24.339,P＜0.01),dry eyes and mouth (9/12 vs 78/78,P＜0.01),serum IgG4 (12/12 vs 0/78,x2=81.554,P＜0.01),antinuclear antibodies (1/11 vs 78/78,x2=71.030,P＜0.01),anti-SSA antibody (0/9 vs 68/78,x2=31.001,P＜0.01),anti-SSB antibody (0/9 vs 36/78,x2=5.311,P=0.021),anti-Ro-52 antibody (0/9 vs 70/78,x2=-35.824,P＜0.01),infiltration of IgG4 positive plasma cell (12/12 vs 0/78,x2=81.554,P＜0.01),therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoid (6/6 vs 0/34,P＜0.01) was statistically significant.Conclusion IgG4 related sialoadenitis has remarkable characteristics in clinical manifestations,serology,pathology and imaging examinations.Although IgG4 related sialoadenitis and SS have many similarities,we still need to diagnose the disease as early as possible and set up a reasonable treatment plan for patients.